System Design Foundations Articles
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Building Systems That Survive: Availability, Reliability & Durability
Designing large-scale distributed systems is never just about choosing the "right" database or adding more servers. After fourteen years of building and scaling...
Building High-Speed Systems – Performance, Latency & Throughput
Across every high-scale system I've worked on, one truth consistently holds: "users never complain that a system is "too fast." They notice, often...
Scaling Smart: Vertical Boost vs Horizontal Expansion
Scaling a system is often imagined as simply "adding more servers" or "upgrading the CPU." In practice, real-world scalability is rarely that straightforward...
How Systems Stay Consistent: Strong, Eventual & Causal
When systems were simple and single-node, consistency was obvious—data either changed or it didn't. But modern distributed systems don't have that luxury. We...
Fault Tolerance and Failover Strategies
In large-scale distributed systems, failure is not an edge case—it is the normal operating condition. Hardware breaks, containers crash, networks partition...
Designing for High Availability (HA) and Disaster Recovery (DR)
In large-scale digital platforms, especially in E-commerce, customers expect services to be available every minute of the day. They do not care about the...
Trade-offs – CAP Theorem
When we build distributed systems that scale across clusters, zones, or entire regions , we quickly face situations where not all desirable properties can be...
PACELC Theorem Explained
Distributed systems live in a world where failure is normal, latency is unavoidable, and consistency cannot be guaranteed for free. As systems scale...